![]() ![]() I: Basic Fatigue Mechanism and Evaluation of Correlation Between the Fatigue Fracture Stress and the Size and Location of Non-Metallic Inclusions, Int. Konuma, Quantitative Evaluation of Effects of Non-Metallic Inclusions on Fatigue Strength of High Strength Steels. ![]() Li, Tension and Compression Fatigue Crack Initiation and Propagation of High Cobalt Molybdenum Low Carbon Stainless Bearing Steel, Trans. Zhu, Effect of Ce-La Alloying Treatment on Characteristics of Inclusions in Grain-Oriented Silicon Steels, Iron Steel, 2021, 56(11), p 122–134. Bao, Effect of Rare Earth Elements on the Thermal Cracking Resistance of High Speed Steel Rolls, J. Mao, Effect of Austenitizing Temperature on Microstructure in 16Mn Steel Treated by Cerium, Int. Mao, Influence of Ce on Characteristics of Inclusions and Microstructure of Pure Iron, J. Zhu, Influence of Rare Earths on Eutectic Carbides in AISI M2 High Speed Steel, J. Li, Effects of Ce on Inclusions and Corrosion Resistance of Low-Nickel Austenite Stainless Steel, Mater. Li, Effect of Ce on Microstructure and Inhibitor Evolution for 3% Grain-Oriented Steel, Heat Treat. Zhang, The Effect of Rare Earth on the Inclusions in H13 Steel, Chinese Rare Earths, 2018, 39(5), p 16–23. Deng, Effect of Trace Rare Earth Ce on Martensitic Transformation Behavior of Ultra-High Strength Low Alloy Steel, Iron Steel, 2020, 55(6), p 84–90. Bacher-Hochst, Very High Cycle Fatigue Properties of Bainitic high Carbon-Chromium Steel, Int. Zimmermann, Diversity of Damage Evolution During Cyclic Loading at Very High Numbers of Cycles, Int. Mimura, Influence of Microstructure and Surface Defect on Very High Cycle Fatigue Properties of Clean Spring Steel, Int. Mayer, Effect of Small Defects on the Fatigue Strength of Martensitic Stainless Steels, Int. Matsuoka, Gigacycle Fatigue Properties of 1800 MPa Class Spring Steels, Fatigue Fract. Chai, The Formation of Subsurface Non-Defect Fatigue Crack Origins, Int. Li, Very High Cycle Fatigue Mechanism of Carbide-Free Bainite/Martensite Steel Micro-Alloyed with Nb, Mater. Mimura, Effect of Surface Finishing and Loading Condition on Competing Failure Mode of Clean Spring Steel in Very High Cycle Fatigue Regime, Mater. Mayer, Mean Stress Sensitivity of Spring Steel in the Very High Cycle Fatigue Regime, J. Hayaishi, Effects of Inclusion and ODA Sizes on Gigacycle Fatigue Properties of High-Strength Steels, Tetsu Hagane J. Kerscher, Influence of Different Non-Metallic Inclusion Types on the Crack Initiation in High-Strength Steels in the VHCF Regime, Int. Mayer, Influence of Inclusion Type on the Very High Cycle Fatigue Properties of 18Ni Maraging Steel, J. Endo, Effects of Defects, Inclusions and Inhomogeneities on Fatigue Strength, Int. Zhao, Effects of Inclusion Size and Location on Very-High-Cycle Fatigue Behavior for High Strength Steels, Mater. Mayer, Inclusion Initiated Fracture Under Cyclic Torsion Very High Cycle Fatigue at Different Load Ratios, Int. Mayer, Inclusion Initiated Fracture in Spring Steel Under axial and Torsion Very High Cycle Fatigue Loading at Different Load Ratios, Int. Wang, Effect of Different Smelting Methods on Very High Cycle Fatigue Properties of a Torsion Bar Spring Steel, J. Xing, Analysis on Unstable Fatigue Life of 55SiCrAspring Steel, Metal Mater. Dong, Very High Cycle Fatigue Fracture Behavior of High Strength Spring Steel 60Si2CrVA, Chinese J. ![]() The stress intensity factor of inclusions markedly impacts the fatigue lifespan of spring steel. The fatigue properties of spring steel are more profoundly affected by surface inclusions than by internal ones. Conversely, the fatigue fracture of rare-earth spring steel primarily comprises rare-earth inclusions and composite inclusions. Three types of inclusions were identified in the fatigue fracture of the spring steel. The inclusion of rare earths increased the fatigue life of spring steel from 10^7 cycles to more than 10^8 cycles. The introduction of rare earths causes modifications in the inclusions present in the spring steel, leading to an augmentation in its fatigue life. To examine the impact of rare earths on the fatigue properties of spring steel, particularly on the crack initiation and expansion behavior triggered by inclusions, axial tension and compression load fatigue tests were conducted on spring steel and rare-earth spring steel using a GPS-100 high-frequency fatigue tester. The morphology and composition of inclusions in spring steel and rare-earth spring steel were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. ![]()
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